Interleukin-1 (IL-1) - a cytokine involved in the inflammatory response and used as a marker for inflammation.

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is an important messenger of the immune system that plays a role in inflammation. It is produced by various cells in the body, for example by macrophages, which fight pathogens, or by endothelial cells, which line the inner wall of blood vessels. IL-1 can stimulate other cells to secrete other messenger substances or form special receptors on their surface that can increase or decrease the inflammatory response.

It consists of two forms, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta, which have similar functions but are regulated differently. Both forms bind to two types of receptors, type I and type II, which are also found on different cells. The binding of IL-1 to its receptors triggers a signalling cascade that leads to various effects, such as fever, pain sensitivity, loss of appetite or activation of defence cells.

IL-1 is involved in many diseases in which chronic or acute inflammation is present, such as rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus, cancer or infections. Inhibiting IL-1 or its receptors may therefore be a therapeutic strategy to treat or alleviate these diseases. There are several drugs that can block or neutralise IL-1, such as anakinra, canakinumab or rilonacept. These drugs are usually given as injections under the skin and can have side effects such as infections, rashes or headaches.

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is therefore an important factor in human health and well-being. It helps the body defend itself against harmful influences, but can also lead to unwanted inflammation. Research into IL-1 and its effects can help find new ways to prevent and treat inflammatory diseases.

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